The global jihad community has had a mixed reaction to the Taliban’s remarkable sweep to power in Afghanistan.
Al-Qaida — Osama bin Laden’s group — was brimming with enthusiasm, heralding a triumphant new era of Islamic rule that proves jihad, and not the “democracy game,” is the way to achieve power. The al-Qaida linked news agency, the Global Islamic Media Front, released a statement of congratulations that said: “May Allah grant the mujahideen in Somalia, the African Sahel, Yemen, Syria, Pakistan, the Indian subcontinent and everywhere the same victory.”
Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham, the dominant faction in the insurgent-held regions of Syria’s Idlib province, was also impressed, describing the Taliban’s victory as an example of steadfastness in the face of a foreign occupation.
The Islamic State wasn’t so positive.
As jihadi expert and fellow at the Washington-based Center for Global Policy, Aymenn Jawad Tamimi, notes in his blog, ISIS has argued the Taliban’s actions weren’t so much a conquest as a takeover coordinated with the U.S. The Islamic States’ path is better, the group argued, because “supporting Islam does not pass through the hotels of Qatar nor the embassies of Russia, China and Iran.”
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It’s here the Taliban may run into some problems of its own. It’s already attempting — albeit pretty unsuccessfully so far — to play both sides, trying to keep the international community onside with its promises of a more moderate version of itself — complete with footage of schoolgirls being ushered into classrooms — while its heavily armed soldiers detain activists and beat journalists on the streets.
Now there’s been an attack at the Kabul airport, where thousands have crowded seeking passage to safety. In the lead up to Thursday’s blasts in which at least 60 Afghans and 13 American service members were killed, statements from the U.S. and the U.K indicated the main threat was coming from IS-K or the Islamic State of Khorasan, a group affiliated with the organization that overran large parts of Syria and Iraq in 2014 and 2015 with the aim of establishing a so-called caliphate. The target — vulnerable civilians, foreign troops and Taliban fighters — clearly proved too good to pass up.
For his part, U.S. President Joe Biden Biden said he took responsibility for “all that’s happened of late” in Afghanistan, but did not back away from his decision to withdraw American forces by Aug. 31. Blaming Islamic State-affiliated groups for the carnage, he said: “To those who carried out this attack, as well as anyone who wishes America harm, know this — we will not forgive, we will not forget, we will hunt you down and make you pay.”
Established in Afghanistan’s east in 2015, ISIS-K has mostly seen the Taliban as its enemy, and the two groups have clashed repeatedly over the years. While the Taliban is focused solely on Afghanistan, ISIS-K has transnational dreams and draws its new supporters from the ranks of the Taliban who have rejected the U.S.-led the peace process. It’s mounted several major assaults on the capital, including back-to-back bombings in 2018 that killed 29 people including nine journalists in the deadliest attack on Afghanistan’s media since 2001. Dozens more were killed last year in a 20-hour siege at a prison in the country’s east when ISIS militants attempted to free hundreds of their members.
During the first four months of 2021, the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan recorded 77 attacks claimed by or attributed to IS-K. They targeted the minority Shia Muslim community, women, civilian infrastructure including a maternity ward, and military personnel.
If these two groups do battle, the main victims, as always, will be civilians. They bore the brunt of the Taliban’s brutal rule from 1996 to 2001 and then the invasion of U.S. and NATO forces, with their air strikes and ground attacks, and the resurgence in suicide attacks that followed. More than 47,000 Afghan civilians have been killed in the conflict — nearly 1,700 of them in the first six months of 2021 alone, according to Brown University’s Costs of War project.
And then there’s the spillover — into Pakistan, Central Asia, China and India. There are genuine concerns anti-Indian terrorists will use Afghanistan as a base to launch their attacks in Kashmir as they did in the 1990s.
Adding fuel to this fire is the increasing belief that politics doesn’t work, nor does democracy or the nation state as defined by the West. They may see the Taliban as a model and alternative, says Rasha Al Aqeedi, senior analyst and the head of the nonstate Actors program at the Newlines Institute in Washington.
Al Aqeedi says IS actions will actually help the new rulers of Kabul. “If anything,” she says, “it strengthens the Taliban’s positioning as a lesser evil.” If there’s anything that symbolizes the failure of the U.S. campaign in Afghanistan, this is it.